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One good example of this is the phrasal verb (句動詞).
We usually make phrasal verbs using a verb (動詞)and a preposition (前置詞) or an adverb (副詞).
Here are some examples using the verb to go:
go out - 出掛ける、付き合う、消える、人気がなくなる などなど...
go on - 進み続ける、起こる、時間がたつ、しゃべり続ける などなど...
go off - 立ち去る、~に興味を失う、腐る、爆発する などなど...
As you can see, using 2 very short words we can make many different phrases with many different meanings.